Strong evidence has been accumulated since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic that neutrophils play an important role in the pathophysiology, particularly in those with severe disease courses.

Salmonellae are globally important Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that infect a range of hosts and cause several diseases, including gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Orally ingested bacteria ...

Since the advent of penicillin, humans have known about and explored the phenomenon of bacterial inhibition via antibiotics. However, with changes in the global environment and the abuse of ...

Intestinal barrier is a functional entity separating the gut lumen from the inner host, and consisting of mechanical elements (mucus, epithelial layer), humoral elements (defensins, IgA ...

Objective The bacterial intestinal microbiota plays major roles in human physiology and IBDs. Although some data suggest a role of the fungal microbiota in IBD pathogenesis, the available data are ...

Correspondence to Dr Ailsa Hart, IBD Unit, St Mark's Hospital and Imperial College London, Watford Road, London HA13UJ, UK; ailsa.hart{at}nhs.net Over the last 10–15 years, our understanding of the ...

Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, ...

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer cause extensive mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, the current state-of-the-art diagnosis and management schemes of ...

All experimental procedures were performed according to the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of ...