The concept of covariance is commonly used when discussing relationships between two economic indicators or terms. For example, market values of publicly traded companies typically have a positive ...

This section describes the rules that the INBREED procedure uses to compute the covariance and inbreeding coefficients. Each computational rule is explained by an example referring to the fictitious ...

Below is an example of calculating the beta of Apple (Nasdaq: AAPL) using historical data of its stock price and the S&P 500 Index. Step 2: Calculate the covariance between Apple and the S&P 500.