In addition to essential physiological functions, BAs and their metabolites are also involved in the differentiation and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells such as macrophages (Macs), ...

Half of renally-cleared rivaroxaban is cleared as unchanged drug and half as inactive metabolites. ‡Potent inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-gp include azole antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole ...

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties of a parent drug and its active or inactive metabolites are greatly affected in patients with kidney disease and its resulting uremia. Hemodialysis ...

Objective Our study aimed to explore the influence of gut microbiota and their metabolites on intracranial aneurysms (IA) progression and pinpoint-related metabolic biomarkers derived from the gut ...

Figure 1 The ventricular CNS barriers in health. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain parenchyma are separated from the systemic blood circulation by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-CSF ...