Although each nucleus will be presented separately, it is important to keep in mind that parkinsonian-related changes are the result of network alterations, thus affecting simultaneously all elements ...
Multimodal MRI has significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and understanding of the pathophysiology of Parkinsonian disorders. Structural and quantitative MRI sequences provide biomarkers sensitive ...
1 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London, UK 2 Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France 3 ...
For mechanisms, we review models that capture the effects of losing dopamine on basal ganglia function; for dynamics, we discuss models that have transformed our understanding of how beta-band (15–30 ...
The B vitamin mitigates manganese neurotoxicity, which produces symptoms that resemble Parkinson's disease. The vitamin improves dopamine production in the brain and offers potential therapeutic ...
Mirtazapine also has a role in reducing Parkinsonian tremor. In refractory cases, noninvasive brain stimulation may represent an effective treatment option. Hallucinations, in most cases in visual ...